Metal ion interference therapy: metal-based nanomaterial-mediated mechanisms and strategies to boost intracellular “ion overload” for cancer treatment

This comprehensive review systematically summarizes the intrinsic mechanism of different metal ion (such as Fe 3+ /Fe 2+ , Cu 2+ /Cu + , Ca 2+ , Zn 2+ , Mn 2+ , Na + /K + , and Mg 2+ )-mediated interference therapies and their research progress in cancer treatment.