The short-range and remote analysis of virtual water trade in China

The pattern of virtual water trade within a region or region has a certain complexity. This paper uses multi-regional input-output models, local and tele-coupling theory, and geographical detectors to analyze the short-range and remote spatial pattern, change trends, and influencing factors of China's virtual water trade, which has essential research significance for the sustainable development and utilization of water resources. The results are as follows: (1) The water footprint and virtual water trade of each province in China are more likely to occur between the provinces close to each other, the local distance average distance is below 500 km, and the remote average distance is between 1100 km and 2000 km; (2) China's short-range inflow and outflow water footprint has always been the main dependent part of China's consumption and production end water resources, especially the local water footprint. The contribution of the remote water footprint has gradually been "replaced" by the short-range water footprint, and water resources only form a "small cycle" between the local and surrounding areas, becoming the main pattern of sustainable utilization of water resources in China; (3) The flow pattern of water resources in China still has a spatial imbalance and agglomeration effects. Regions with abundant water resources are net inflow and net import regions in both short-range and remote, and the net inflow and net outflow values in remote are higher than those in short-range; (4) The virtual water trade in all provinces of China tends to be close to each other. The "flow" in the trade network is mainly concentrated in the link path below 800 km. The interaction of various "flows" in short-range and remote virtual water trade results in fewer "flows" on one side and more on the other side in the industrial link path. Local virtual water trade has become an important guarantee and foundation for the utilization of water resources in all provinces and an important auxiliary to the total import virtual water trade; (5) The correlation of socio-economic factors to China's short-range and remote virtual water trade is higher than that of natural factors and scientific and technological factors. The interaction of factors contribution of a single factor more thoroughly and even far exceeds the sum of the contribution of two single factors, which can better explain the formation and change of near and long-distance virtual water trade patterns and flow on the link path.