Role of Polyhedron Unit in Distinct Photophysics of Zero-Dimensional Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Tin Halide Compounds

The zero-dimensional (0D) metal halides comprise periodically distributed and isolated metal-halide polyhedra, which act as the smallest inorganic quantum systems and can accommodate quasi-localized Frenkel excitons. These excitons exhibit unique photophysics including broadband photon emission, huge Stokes shift, and long decay lifetime. The polyhedra can have different symmetries due to the coordination degree of the metal ions. Little is known about how the polyhedron type affects the characteristics of the 0D metal halide crystals. We synthesize and comparatively study three novel kinds of 0D organic-inorganic hybrid tin halide compounds. They are efficient light emitters with a highest quantum yield of 92.3%. Although they have the same compositional organic group, the most stable phases are composed of octahedra for the bromide and iodide but disphenoids (see-saw structures) for the chloride. They separately exhibit biexponential and monoexponential luminescence decays due to different symmetries (Ci group for octahedra and C2 group for disphenoids) and corresponding different electronic structures. The chloride has the largest absorption photon energy among the three halides, but it has the smallest emission photon energy. A model regarding the unoccupied energy band degeneracy is proposed based on the experiments and density functional theory calculations, which explains well the experimental phenomena and reveals the crucial role of polyhedron type in determining the optical properties of the 0D tin halide compounds.