Hybrid CFx–Ag2V4O11 as a high-energy, power density cathode for application in an underwater acoustic microtransmitter

This study demonstrates the excellent electrochemical performance of the hybrid carbon fluoride (CFx)/silver vanadium oxide (SVO)/graphene(G) cathode and its potential utilization in the Juvenile Salmon Acoustic Telemetry System (JSATS). The impedance increase caused by LiF formation is effectively addressed by silver metal deposition during SVO reduction. The coexistence of graphene additive reduces the initial voltage delay; thus, a prolonged operation voltage is observed with enhanced electronic conductivity, with specific capacity of ~ 462 mAhg−1 at 5C rate and 661 mAhg−1 at 1C rate. The peak current delivered from the as-designed hybrid cathode is improved over the commercial Zn/Ag2O batteries, suggesting battery size/weight reduction critical for the JSATS transmitters.