The inducers of immunogenic cell death for tumor immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a promising treatment modality that acts by selectively harnessing the host immune defenses against cancer. An effective immune response is often needed to eliminate tumors following treatment which can trigger the immunogenicity of dying tumor cells. Some treatment modalities (such as photodynamic therapy, high hydrostatic pressure or radiotherapy) and agents (some chemotherapeutic agents, oncolytic viruses) have been used to endow tumor cells with immunogenicity and/or increase their immunogenicity. These treatments and agents can boost the antitumor capacity by inducing immune responses against tumor neoantigens. Immunogenic cell death is a manner of cell death that can induce the emission of immunogenic damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are sufficient for immunocompetent hosts to trigger the immune system. This review focuses on the latest developments in the treatment modalities and agents that can induce and/or enhance the immunogenicity of cancer cells.