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Spatial and long-term analysis of rainwater chemistry over the conterminous United States

海盐 化学 雨水收集 环境化学 降水 化学成分 酸中和容量 盐度 环境科学 气溶胶 土壤水分 气象学 酸沉积 地质学 地理 有机化学 土壤科学 海洋学 生物 生态学
作者
Ágnes Keresztesi,Ion-Andrei Niță,Réka Boga,Marius‐Victor Birsan,Zsolt Bodor,Róbert Szép
出处
期刊:Environmental Research [Elsevier BV]
卷期号:188: 109872-109872 被引量:41
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109872
摘要

A comprehensive analysis of the chemical composition of precipitation was performed on rainwater samples collected between 1978 and 2017 over the conterminous US. A total of 86470 data records downloaded from the National Atmospheric Deposition Program were statistically analyzed and assessed in terms of precipitation chemistry. The ion abundance followed the Cl⁻ > Na⁺ > SO₄2⁻ > Ca2⁺ > H⁺ > NH₄⁺ > NO₃⁻ > Mg2⁺ > HCO₃⁻ > K⁺ downward trend, showing that chloride and sodium were the most dominant among anions and cations. Ca2+, SO42- and NH4+ concentrations were notable in desert areas or in regions with significant anthropogenic activity. Frequency analysis of pH values showed that the 87.90% of the pH is acidic, exhibiting values under 5.6. According to the acidifying and neutralization potential, rainwater pH is mostly alkaline in the Western region, presenting acidic values in highly industrialized areas, in the Central and Eastern Regions. Fractional acidity showed that in the majority of the studied sampling sites 61% of the acidity in precipitation is neutralized, due to the presence of the main neutralizing agents (NH4+, Ca2+, Na+), fact sustained by the neutralization factor values. The relationship between acidic and alkaline components was thoroughly examined by ionic ratios and the ammonium availability index. Wet deposition rates of major ions confirmed the dominance of acidic species over neutralizing ones, as well as the significant imprint of regional climate and heavily industrialized areas on the precipitation chemistry. The complex major ion source apportionment, including marine and crustal enrichment factors, sea salt and non-sea salt fractions, Spearman's rank correlation analysis and Principal Component Analysis, showed that anthropogenic influences are the most significant, including coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, major industries and agricultural activities. Crustal and marine sources also presented a prominent imprint on the rainwater chemistry of the conterminous US.
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