Tailor-Made Gives the Best Fits: Superior Na/K-Ion Storage Performance in Exclusively Confined Red Phosphorus System

As the most promising anodic candidate for alkali ion batteries, red phosphorus (P) still faces big challenges, such as the poor rate and cycling performance, which are caused by the insulative nature and the large volume change throughout the alloy/dealloy process. To ameliorate above issues, the traditional way is confining P into the carbon host. However, investigations on maximizing P utilization are inadequate; in other words, how to achieve entire confinement with a high loading amount is still a problem. Additionally, the application of P in potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) is in its infant stage, and the corresponding potassiation product is controversial. Herein, a nitrogen-doped stripped-graphene CNT (N-SGCNT) as carbon framework is prepared to exclusively confine ultrafine P to construct P@N-SGCNT composites. Benefitting from the in situ cross-linked structure, N-SGCNT loaded with 41.2 wt % P (P2@N-SGCNT) shows outstanding Na+/K+ storage performance. For instance, P2@N-SGCNT exhibits high reversible capacities of 2480 mAh g-1 for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and 762 mAh g-1 for PIBs, excellent rate capabilities of 1770 mAh g-1 for SIBs and 354 mAh g-1 for PIBs at 2.0 A g-1, and long cycling stability (a capacity of 1936 mAh g-1 after 2000 cycles for SIBs and 319 mAh g-1 after 1000 cycles for PIBs). Furthermore, due to this exclusively confined P structure, the K+ storage mechanism with the end product of K4P3 has been identified by experimental and theoretical results.