Multienzymatic Nanoassemblies: Recent Progress and Applications

Multienzyme biocatalytic systems can be elaborated in nonnatural cascade reactions to generate products of interest. Multienzyme nanobiocatalysts have been applied to various environmental applications and used to produce food additives. Enzymatic microreactors with multiple enzymes have been developed for fast small-scale biotransformations. Different nanosupports and attachment techniques have been developed for multienzyme immobilization. Biotechnological research has turned to multienzymatic nanoassemblies as a promising concept to host multiple applications. Here, we consider important aspects around the development and optimization of such biocatalytic systems and present current advances in utilizing bi- and multienzymatic cascade reactions in diverse fields, including ultrasensitive biosensing, development of pharmaceuticals, and conversion of natural biopolymers to valuable products, highlighting their future potential in the chemical, biotechnological, and pharmaceutical industries. Diverse co-immobilization techniques and different parameters affecting the performance of multienzymatic cascade reactions are discussed. Continuous flow processes incorporating multienzymatic nanoassemblies in different reactor configurations are also presented. This technology provides an arsenal of tools for the development of innovative and effective multienzymatic systems offering new possibilities for biocatalysts applications. Biotechnological research has turned to multienzymatic nanoassemblies as a promising concept to host multiple applications. Here, we consider important aspects around the development and optimization of such biocatalytic systems and present current advances in utilizing bi- and multienzymatic cascade reactions in diverse fields, including ultrasensitive biosensing, development of pharmaceuticals, and conversion of natural biopolymers to valuable products, highlighting their future potential in the chemical, biotechnological, and pharmaceutical industries. Diverse co-immobilization techniques and different parameters affecting the performance of multienzymatic cascade reactions are discussed. Continuous flow processes incorporating multienzymatic nanoassemblies in different reactor configurations are also presented. This technology provides an arsenal of tools for the development of innovative and effective multienzymatic systems offering new possibilities for biocatalysts applications. conversion capability of a biocatalytic process in terms of all atoms involved and the desired products produced, namely, the amount of starting materials that end up as useful products. physical or artificial separation of biological reactions to bring the cascade enzymes close to each other. biocatalytic reactions performed in a continuous flow stream. The starting material is continuously pumped through the reactor at known flow rates to yield a stream of product (–s). enzyme that catalyzes the reversible interconversion of hydrogen into two protons and two electrons. transport of mass from one point to another. It may take place in a single phase or over phase boundaries in multiphase systems. direct transfer of an intermediary metabolic product of one enzyme to another enzyme or active site without its release into the bulk solution. tube with internal diameter of 1 mm or less, made of different rigid materials, such as plastic or glass. usually made of polymeric materials and contain microchannels for manipulating and transporting a fluid at the nanometer scale. combination of several biocatalytic processes that all are conducted in the same reaction flask. tubular microreactor filled with solid catalyst particles or pellets. The reaction medium is fed in from either the top or the bottom of the microreactor to form a continuous liquid phase. The liquid interacts with the surface of the catalyst, altering the chemical composition of the substance. enzyme that catalyzes the conversion between ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) and ribulose-5-phosphate (Ru5P). It has a vital role in biochemical metabolism in both the pentose phosphate pathway and Calvin cycle. a photosynthetic enzyme that catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of ribulose 5-phosphate (RuP) into ribulose 1,5-biphosphate (RuBP), both intermediates in the Calvin cycle. enzyme involved in the first major step of carbon fixation (a process where atmospheric CO2 is converted to energy-rich molecules) that catalyzes the carboxylation of RuBP. chemical reactions taking place one after another to obtain a final product. The intermediate products are isolated and subjected to the next reaction step. use of whole cells as catalysts in biotransformation reactions.