Neural Substrates for Regulation of Sleep and General Anesthesia

: General anesthesia has been successfully used in the clinic for over 170 years, but its mechanisms of effect remain unclear. Behaviorally, general anesthesia is similar to sleep in that it produces a reversible transition between wakefulness and the state of being unaware of one’s surroundings. A growing discussion has been imposed regarding the common circuits of sleep and general anesthesia, as an increasing number of sleep-arousal regulatory nuclei are reported to participate in the consciousness shift occurring during general anesthesia. Recently, with progress in research technology, both positive and negative evidence for overlapping neural circuits between sleep and general anesthesia have emerged. This article provides a review of the latest evidence on the neural substrates for sleep and general anesthesia regulation by comparing the roles of pivotal nuclei in sleep and anesthesia.