Multi-objective distributed robust cooperative optimization model of multiple integrated energy systems considering uncertainty of renewable energy and participation of electric vehicles

The uncertainty of renewable energy results in complicated design and operation of integrated energy system (IES). The integrated demand response and collaborative interactions of IESs are important to cope with the uncertainties. Firstly, this paper constructs the mathematical models of related equipment in IES, electric vehicles (EVs), and the uncertainty of renewable energy output. Secondly, a multi-objective distributed robust optimization model that considers economic and environmental objective functions is constructed. Thirdly, the probability distribution set of renewable energy generation's uncertainty based on comprehensive norm constraint is defined, then the proposed model is processed based on strong duality theory and solved by Column & Constraint Generation and Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers algorithms to obtain the optimal scheduling scheme of IES, EV's energy management under coordinated operation, and trading strategy of multiple IESs. The results by a case study demonstrate that the proposed model makes the operating cost, grid interaction, and consumption rate of renewable energy of multiple IESs decrease by 5.86 %, 16.9 % and 5.9 %, respectively. Moreover, the degree of participation of EVs under cooperative operation is related to the role of corresponding IES in power trade.