Synthesis of foamed glass–ceramics from high‐titanium blast furnace slag using Na3PO4·12H2O as a foam stabilizer

Abstract We report the effects of sodium phosphate dodecahydrate (Na 3 PO 4 ·12H 2 O) as a foam stabilizer on the crystalline phases, microstructure, and properties of foamed glass–ceramics derived from solid industrial wastes. Our findings reveal that Na 3 PO 4 ·12H 2 O acts as a pore structure stabilizer, enhancing pore uniformity by releasing P 2 O 5 during decomposition. Additionally, it lowers the softening temperature and viscosity by supplying Na 2 O. X‐ray diffraction analysis demonstrates that Na 3 PO 4 ·12H 2 O does not alter the primary crystal types but does influence the crystallinity and morphology. With an increase in Na 3 PO 4 ·12H 2 O content, the porosity and water absorption improve, but the bulk density, thermal conductivity, and compressive strength decrease. The optimal properties are achieved with 4 wt% Na 3 PO 4 ·12H 2 O, resulting in significantly higher compressive strength compared to foamed glass–ceramics prepared from other solid wastes. This study provides valuable guidelines for effectively reusing solid industrial wastes to fabricate foamed glass–ceramics.