Do Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) windows propose a promising solution for the transition toward zero energy buildings? A review

BIPV windows are the most suitable alternative to conventional windows currently available today. They offer thermal insulation and can generate electricity from the embedded solar cells within their structure while also maintaining the practicality of conventional windows. Different types of BIPV windows will be reviewed in this paper, followed by an assessment of the energy-saving potential, optimal orientation, solar cell technology, Koppen climate impact, and application for each type of BIPV window. From the findings, it was evident that ventilated double BIPV windows had the highest energy-saving potential as well as being the BIPV system that can adapt the most to different Koppen climates. The optimal orientation was the south-facing façade which consumed the least amount of energy while also generating the highest amount of electricity from PV. Amorphous silicon is the most popular solar cell technology in BIPV studies due to its performance however they do have disadvantages. Application of BIPV windows includes BIPV-PCM systems and switchable glazing for smart window technology. Large-scale development integrated with BIPV windows can have a huge influence on meeting ZEB targets. Limitations in the study were observed by limited studies on vacuum BIPV glazing, and limited studies on a variety of Koppen climate classes.