Defining Hydrogeophysical Layers With Multi‐Scale Geophysics for Increased Understanding of Mountain Basin Recharge

Abstract Basin aquifers are important groundwater sources in the Western United States that are increasingly stressed due to growing populations, increased resource use, and the impacts of climate change. These aquifers are mainly recharged through melting snowpack in the surrounding mountains that infiltrates to the water table and flows directly into the basin (Mountain Front Recharge), or through deeper groundwater pathways that flow from the mountains directly into the basin aquifer (Mountain Block Recharge). However, the dominant system of recharge remains uncharacterized in many mountain basin aquifers. To address this challenge, near‐surface geophysical methods are being implemented to efficiently measure properties that govern groundwater storage and movement. This study infers groundwater storage and recharge to the Casper Aquifer around Laramie, WY, building off past studies that relied solely on sparse monitoring well data and observation of rainfall events. In this study, we use a clustering analysis on airborne electromagnetic data to define hydrogeophysical layers within the Casper Aquifer. These layers, which represent significant changes in bulk subsurface electrical resistivity, are integrated with existing hydrologic, lithologic, and smaller scale geophysical datasets to build a more representative hydrogeophysical model. Through this analysis, we define two sub‐aquifers within the larger Casper Aquifer system that are connected through structurally induced fractures and faults. This research highlights the importance of integrating geophysical data at multiple scales for defining hydrogeophysical layers that provide both a more complete understanding of basin aquifer recharge dynamics and constrain more detailed hydrologic models.