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Estimating lead-attributable mortality burden by socioeconomic status in the USA

医学 社会经济地位 可归因风险 人口学 人口 环境卫生 危险系数 队列 社会阶层 置信区间 内科学 社会学 政治学 法学
作者
Chengzhe Tao,Zhi Li,Yun Fan,Yuna Huang,Tingya Wan,Mingxue Shu,Shuwen Han,Hong Qian,Wenkai Yan,Qiaoqiao Xu,Yankai Xia,Chuncheng Lu,You Li
出处
期刊:International Journal of Epidemiology [Oxford University Press]
卷期号:53 (4)
标识
DOI:10.1093/ije/dyae089
摘要

Abstract Background This study aimed to estimate population-level and state-level lead-attributable mortality burdens stratified by socioeconomic status (SES) class in the USA. Methods Based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), we constructed individual-level SES scores from income, employment, education and insurance data. We assessed the association between the blood lead levels (BLL) and all-cause mortality by Cox regression in the NHANES cohort (n = 31 311, 4467 deaths). With estimated hazard ratios (HR) and prevalences of medium (2–5 μg/dL) and high (≥ 5 μg/dL) BLL, we computed SES-stratified population-attributable fractions (PAFs) of all-cause mortality from lead exposure across 1999–2019. We additionally conducted a systematic review to estimate the lead-attributable mortality burden at state-level. Results The HR for every 2-fold increase in the BLL decreased from 1.23 (1.10–1.38) for the lowest SES class to 1.05 (0.90–1.23) for the highest SES class. Across all SES quintiles, medium BLL exhibited a greater mortality burden. Individuals with lower SES had higher lead-attributable burdens, and such disparities haver persisted over the past two decades. In 2017–19, annually 67 000 (32 000–112 000) deaths in the USA were attributable to lead exposure, with 18 000 (2000–41 000) of these deaths occurring in the lowest SES class. Substantial disparities in the state-level mortality burden attributable to lead exposure were also highlighted. Conclusions These findings suggested that disparities in lead-attributable mortality burden persisted within US adults, due to heterogeneities in the effect sizes of lead exposure as well as in the BLL among different SES classes.
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