Energy level modulation of TiO2 using amino trimethylene phosphonic acid for efficient perovskite solar cells with an average VOC of 1.19 V

Amino trimethylene phosphonic (ATMP) acid can effectively control the crystal growth of TiO 2 to get preferable energy level and topography. High V OC and PCE were achieved for ATMP–TiO 2 based perovskite solar cells.