Process Evaluation of Scandium Production and Its Environmental Impact

With the advancement of technology and a global shift towards clean energy, the need for rare earth metals is increasing. Scandium, a rare earth metal, has been extensively used over the decades in solid oxide fuel cells and aluminum–scandium alloys that have a vast, evolving market in aerospace, automobiles and 3D printing. However, the market struggles to maintain the supply chain due to expensive production processes and the absence of uniform global distribution of primary sources. Therefore, identification of alternative sources and technological advancements for scandium recovery are needed. To this end, an effort has been made to provide a review of the advances in different technologies applied in scandium recovery from diverse sources. Emphasis has been given to the improvements and upgrades to technologies in terms of environmental impact and recovery efficacy. An attempt has been made to discuss and deliver a clear representation of the challenges associated with every source for scandium recovery and the major developments in solving them. The environmental impact of scandium recovery and recycling has also been discussed.