Gut Microbiome Modulation of Glutamate Dynamics: Implications for Brain Health and Neurotoxicity

The gut–brain axis plays an integral role in maintaining overall health, with growing evidence suggesting its impact on the development of various neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression. This review explores the complex relationship between gut microbiota and glutamate (Glu) regulation, highlighting its effect on brain health, particularly in the context of depression following certain neurological insults. We discuss how microbial populations can either facilitate or limit Glu uptake, influencing its bioavailability and predisposing to neuroinflammation and neurotoxicity. Additionally, we examine the role of gut metabolites and their influence on the blood–brain barrier and neurotransmitter systems involved in mood regulation. The therapeutic potential of microbiome-targeted interventions, such as fecal microbiota transplantation, is also highlighted. While much research has explored the role of Glu in major depressive disorders and other neurological diseases, the contribution of gut microbiota in post-neurological depression remains underexplored. Future research should focus on explaining the mechanisms linking the gut microbiota to neuropsychiatric outcomes, particularly in conditions such as post-stroke depression, post-traumatic brain-injury depression, and epilepsy-associated depression. Systematic reviews and human clinical studies are needed to establish causal relationships and assess the efficacy of microbiome-targeted therapies in improving the neuropsychiatric sequalae after neurological insults.