Impact of an AI-Based laparoscopic cholecystectomy coaching program on the surgical performance: a randomized controlled trial

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the gold standard for treating symptomatic gallstones but carries inherent risks like bile duct injury (BDI). While critical view of safety (CVS) is advocated to mitigate BDI, its real-world adoption is limited. Additionally, significant variations in surgeon performance impede procedural standardization, highlighting the need for a feasible, innovative, and effective training approach. The aim of this study is to develop an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-assisted coaching program for LC to enhance surgical education and improve surgeon’s performance. Materials and Methods: We conducted a multi-center, randomized controlled trial from May 2022 to August 2023 to assess the impact of an AI-based coaching program, SmartCoach, on novice performing LC. Surgeons and patients meeting specific inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to either a coaching group with AI-enhanced feedback or a self-learning group. The primary outcome was assessed using the Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Rating Form (LCRF), with secondary outcomes including surgical safety, efficiency, and adverse events. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS, with significance set at P -value less than 0.05. Results: Between May 2022 and August 2023, 22 surgeons were initially enrolled from 10 hospitals, with 18 completing the study. No demographic differences were noted between coaching and self-learning groups. In terms of surgical performance (LCRF scores), the coaching group showed significant improvement over time (31 to 40, P =0.008), outperforming the self-learning group by study end (40 vs 38, P =0.032). Significant improvements in CVS achievement were also noted in the coaching group (11% to 78%, P =0.021). Overall, the coaching program was well-received, outpacing traditional educational methods in both understanding and execution of CVS and participants in the intervention group expressed strongly satisfaction with the program. Conclusions: The AI-assisted surgical coaching program effectively improved surgical performance and safety for novice surgeons in LC procedures. The model holds significant promise for advancing surgical education.