The application of monitored natural attenuation to soil and groundwater remediation on contaminated sites

Remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater could be divided into two phases.The first phase takes aim at reducing human being's health risks by active remediation,the second phase is designed to eliminate ecological risks by natural attenuation(NA).Because of cost-effective and sustainable cleanup,the monitored natural attenuation(MNA)and enhanced natural attenuation(ENA)have been gained more attention recently,especially in the respects of ecological risk-oriented contaminated land management and a follow-up measure after active remediation.Four major types of natural attenuation and the applications of MNA and ENA for contaminated site cleanup and remediation in USA and EU were introduced.The procedures and possible uses of monitored natural attenuation in China were suggested.More developments and practices of MNA and ENA for managing contaminated sites in China were expected.