A Decade of Exploration of Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions: An Overview

Abstract During the previous couple of decades, transition-metal (Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Au) catalyzed inter- and intramolecular coupling reactions have attracted huge attention for the construction of C–C and C–heteroatom (like C–N, C–P, C–O, C–S, etc.) bonds to synthesize a diverse range of polymers, fine chemicals, and agrochemicals (mainly fungicides, herbicides, and insecticides), as well as biologically and pharmaceutically important organic molecules. Furthermore, the employment of lower cost and easily available metals such as first-row transition-metal salts or metal complexes of Fe, Co, Cu, Ni as catalysts compared to the precious metals such as Pd, Ag, Au in cross-coupling reactions have led to major advances in applications within the fields of synthesis. A number of cross-coupling reactions catalyzed by transition metals have been explored, including Suzuki, Heck, Sonogashira, Stille, Kumada, Kochi, Murahashi, Corriu, and Negishi reactions, as well as carbonylative, decarboxylative, reactions and α-arylations. In this review, we offer a comprehensive summary of the cross-coupling reaction catalyzed by different transition metals from the year 2009 to date. 1 Introduction 2 Pd-Catalyzed Reactions 2.1 C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions 2.2 C–N Cross-Coupling Reactions 2.3 C–P Cross-Coupling Reactions 3 Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions 3.1 C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions 4 Cu-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions 4.1 C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions 4.2 C–O Cross-Coupling Reactions 4.2 C–N Cross-Coupling Reactions 4.4 C–P Cross-Coupling Reactions 4.5 C–Se Cross-Coupling Reactions 4.6 C–S Cross-Coupling Reactions 5 Fe-Catalyzed Reactions 5.1 C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions 5.2 C–S Cross-Coupling Reactions 6 Co-Catalyzed Reactions 7 Transition-Metal Nanoparticle-Promoted Reactions 7.1 Pd Nanoparticles 7.2 Cu Nanoparticles 8 Miscellaneous Reactions 9 Perspectives and Future Directions