Order dispatch optimization with considering flexible one-to-three matching strategy under hybrid ride-hailing service modes

In practice, the ride-hailing platform generally provides two products: express services and ridesplitting services, and driver resources are usually shared across these two products on the supply side, i.e., hybrid ride-hailing mode. This study tackles the order dispatch problem with considering flexible one-to-three matching strategy under hybrid modes. In this problem, if a driver serves express requests, only one order can be matched with; if a driver serves ridesplitting requests, this driver can be matched with at most three orders simultaneously or sequentially. Considering one-to-three matching, en-route matching, and multiple passengers per order, this problem is formulated as a multi-objective integer programming, a hierarchical approach is adopted to address it. Using the ride-hailing trip data, we examine characteristics of this problem, such as the impact of service priority and the benefits of one-to-three matching. Finally, some beneficial management implications are proposed to improve the operation of the ride-hailing service.