The Efficacy and Safety of Radiation-Free Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery: A Prospective Multicenter-Based, Randomized, Controlled Trial

Fluoroscopy is usually required during retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). Although fluoroscopy is considered necessary for effective and safe RIRS, there is growing awareness regarding radiation exposure risk to patients and surgeons. We conducted a multicenter-based, randomized, controlled trial to compare the safety and effectiveness of radiation-free (RF) RIRS with radiation-usage (RU) RIRS for kidney stone management.