Crystalline graphitic carbon nitrides in photocatalysis

Crystalline graphitic carbon nitride (CCN) surpasses pristine graphitic carbon nitride (CN) in photocatalytic efficacy due to its well-organized structures that can facilitate the separation and migration of charge carriers. However, the performance improvement of CCN is hindered by limited surface adsorption and/or reaction sites. This review paper elucidates the crucial role of highly photocatalytic active CCN in addressing challenges related to energy resource depletion and environmental pollution. Initially, the synthesis procedures of CCN, such as molten-salt, solvothermal, template and self-assembly methods are concisely outlined. Subsequently, strategies for CCN modification are highlighted, including morphological control, defect engineering, composite construction and single-atom modification. Finally, the future development of CCN is outlined, addressing existing challenges and opportunities.