Advancements in modifying the efficacy of immunotherapies through the thermal effects of nanomaterials

Tumor immunotherapy represents an intricate approach to combat tumors by modifying the immune microenvironment within the body. Nevertheless, the limited success rate and potential induction of systemic toxic reactions associated with immunotherapy introduce uncertainty regarding its therapeutic effectiveness. Nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit multifaceted applications as therapeutic and diagnostic tools, enabling precise delivery of various immunotherapeutic agents and monitoring of tissue cellular responses. These capabilities facilitate the dynamic assessment of factors influencing immune activity, thereby optimizing future treatment strategies. The utilization of multimodal anti-tumor therapies has paved the way for the induction of potent immune responses, while simultaneously minimizing adverse effects and facilitating the monitoring of immune activities.This review aims to provide an overview of this emerging field and highlight new technologies for next-generation immunotherapy. The current therapeutic approaches are introduced, and the mechanism of action of nanomaterials in combination with thermotherapy to stimulate systemic immune responses is explored. Furthermore, recent advancements in synergistic immunotherapy involving photothermal therapy (PPT) and magnetic hyperthermia therapy (MHT) for tumor treatment are highlighted, summarized, and extensively discussed.