Robotics in Medical Science

This chapter presents the evolution, developments, and applications of biomedical robotics. Surgical robotics, soft robotics, sensor-based medical robotics applications, etc. are briefly discussed. The development of several new techniques due to robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery (RMIS) has decreased patient trauma, reduced hospital stays, and improved diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes. Through improvements in mechanical perspectives to sensing and intelligent robotic approaches, innovative assistive automated platforms are intended to enhance the physical capabilities of both patients and clinicians. This review summarizes the works of early investigations and recent advances in the development of various surgical robotic systems focusing on major scientific research in the age of artificial intelligence and machine learning. Further developments in manufacturing and materials, confirming the future potential for patient-specific soft robotics, are reviewed. This chapter clarifies the underlying concepts of minimally invasive surgery, human–robot interaction, robotic manipulation, human– computer interaction, soft robotics, biosensors, haptics, automation and control, robotics in dental application, and the role of CAD/CAM and modern manufacturing techniques in biomedical applications. This technical documentation envisions attracting more research in the area to improve the healthcare system by adopting new technology and a supportive environment allowing a human–robot interaction to a new level.