Vinpocetine attenuates 5-fluorouracil-induced intestinal injury: role of the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1, NF-κB/TLR4/SOCS3 and RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signals

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a chemotherapy drug commonly prescribed in cancer management. Unfortunately, intestinal mucositis restricts 5-FU clinical use. Vinpocetine (VNP) is a synthetic alkaloid that is derived from vincamine. Our study was conducted to elucidate the intestinal protective effects of VNP on 5-FU intestinal injury in rats and explore the underlying mechanisms.