Efficacy of a whole slide image‐based prediction model for lymph node metastasis in T1 colorectal cancer: A systematic review

Abstract Background and Aim Accurate stratification of the risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM) following endoscopic resection of submucosal invasive (T1) colorectal cancer (CRC) is imperative for determining the necessity for additional surgery. In this systematic review, we evaluated the efficacy of prediction of LNM by artificial intelligence (AI) models utilizing whole slide image (WSI) in patients with T1 CRC. Methods In accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines, a systematic review was conducted through searches in PubMed (MEDLINE), Embase, and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies published up to December 2023. The inclusion criteria were studies assessing the accuracy of hematoxylin and eosin‐stained WSI‐based AI models for predicting LNM in patients with T1 CRC. Results Four studies met the criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for these AI models ranged from 0.57 to 0.76. In the three studies in which AI performance was compared directly with current treatment guidelines, AI consistently exhibited a higher area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. At a fixed sensitivity of 100%, specificities ranged from 18.4% to 45.0%. Conclusions Artificial intelligence models based on WSI can potentially address the issue of diagnostic variability between pathologists and exceed the predictive accuracy of current guidelines. However, these findings require confirmation by larger studies that incorporate external validation.