Nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

Abstract Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most frequently administered over-the-counter medicines to treat fever, pain and control inflammation. However, their overdose can cause detrimental effects in the human body, whereas uncontrollable disposable into ecosystems pose significant environmental concerns. Electrochemical (bio) sensors overcome the limitations of traditional detection approaches and provide immense potential for sensitive, selective, efficient, and low-cost detection of pharmaceuticals in complex media. This review presents an overview of the current state-of-the-art progress in electrochemical (bio) sensors utilizing nanoscale materials (e.g., metal/metal oxides nanoparticles, carbonaceous materials, and conducting polymers) as electrode modifiers that target NSAIDs. Special attention is paid to different electrode fabrication strategies, sensor/analyte interactions, and analysis of real-world samples. Besides, experimental conditions and some analytical parameters including linear concentration range, detection limit, detection method, etc., are compiled and compared. Finally, this review concludes by discussing future prospects, challenges, and possibilities in designing next-generation advanced sensing devices.