Association between pet ownership and utilization of public services among people experiencing homelessness in Columbus, Ohio: a cross-sectional survey

Nearly 3.5 million Americans experience homelessness every year; between 5% and 25% own companion animals. Animal ownership can serve as a social determinant of health when it prevents accessing important public services like transportation, housing, medical and social services. In this study, we examine the relationship between homelessness, pet ownership, and public service utilization. A cross-sectional survey was administered at six homelessness services locations in Columbus, Ohio, 2018. We compared service utilization between homeless pet owners (n = 24) and non-pet owners (n = 33) using regression analyses. Pets provided emotional support to owners (n = 28;90%), yet prevented obtaining housing assistance (n = 10;32%). Housing concerns were the main reason for pet relinquishment (14/20;70%); 65% (20/31) who owned a pet prior to becoming homeless gave it up. Pet owners stayed six fewer nights per month in homeless shelters (β = −6.15; 95% CI: −12.0, −0.27); and were 84% less likely to be living alone (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.51) than non-pet owners. Our research highlights challenges that homeless pet owners face when accessing public services. Given the reported benefits of animal companionship, policies should be examined to consider social determinants and facilitate access and utilization of programs aimed to serve homeless populations.