Optimizing rice yields while minimizing yield‐scaled global warming potential

Abstract To meet growing global food demand with limited land and reduced environmental impact, agricultural greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions are increasingly evaluated with respect to crop productivity, i.e., on a yield‐scaled as opposed to area basis. Here, we compiled available field data on CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from rice production systems to test the hypothesis that in response to fertilizer nitrogen (N) addition, yield‐scaled global warming potential ( GWP ) will be minimized at N rates that maximize yields. Within each study, yield N surplus was calculated to estimate deficit or excess N application rates with respect to the optimal N rate (defined as the N rate at which maximum yield was achieved). Relationships between yield N surplus and GHG emissions were assessed using linear and nonlinear mixed‐effects models. Results indicate that yields increased in response to increasing N surplus when moving from deficit to optimal N rates. At N rates contributing to a yield N surplus, N 2 O and yield‐scaled N 2 O emissions increased exponentially. In contrast, CH 4 emissions were not impacted by N inputs. Accordingly, yield‐scaled CH 4 emissions decreased with N addition. Overall, yield‐scaled GWP was minimized at optimal N rates, decreasing by 21% compared to treatments without N addition. These results are unique compared to aerobic cropping systems in which N 2 O emissions are the primary contributor to GWP , meaning yield‐scaled GWP may not necessarily decrease for aerobic crops when yields are optimized by N fertilizer addition. Balancing gains in agricultural productivity with climate change concerns, this work supports the concept that high rice yields can be achieved with minimal yield‐scaled GWP through optimal N application rates. Moreover, additional improvements in N use efficiency may further reduce yield‐scaled GWP , thereby strengthening the economic and environmental sustainability of rice systems.