Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships.

集体主义 心理学 内群和外群 社会心理学 个人主义 个人主义文化 跨文化 社会认同理论 社会团体 社会学 政治学 法学 人类学
作者
Harry C. Triandis,Robert Bontempo,Marcelo J. Villareal,Masaaki Asai,Nydia Lucca
出处
期刊:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology [American Psychological Association]
卷期号:54 (2): 323-338 被引量:2539
标识
DOI:10.1037/0022-3514.54.2.323
摘要

The individualism and collectivism constructs are theoretically analyzed and linked to certain hypothesized consequences (social behaviors, health indices). Study 1 explores the meaning of these constructs within culture (in the United States), identifying the individual-differences variable, idiocentrism versus allocentrism, that corresponds to the constructs. Factor analyses of responses to items related to the constructs suggest that UrS. individualism is reflected in (a) Self-Reliance With Competition, (b) Low Concern for Ingroups, and (c) Distance from Ingroups. A higher order factor analysis suggests that Subordination oflngroup Goals to Personal Goals may be the most important aspect of U.S. individualism. Study 2 probes the limits of the constructs with data from two collectivist samples (Japan and Puerto Rico) and one individualist sample (Illinois) of students. It is shown that responses depend on who the other is (i.e., which ingroup), the context, and the kind of social behavior (e.g., feel similar to other, attentive to the views of others). Study 3 replicates previous work in Puerto Rico indicating that allocentric persons perceive that they receive more and a better quality of social support than do idiocentric persons, while the latter report being more lonely than the former. Several themes, such as self-reliance, achievement, and competition, have different meanings in the two kinds of societies, and detailed examinations of the factor patterns show how such themes vary across cultures.
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