Evaluation of lithium ion cells with titanate negative electrodes and iron phosphate positive electrode for start–stop applications

Abstract Start–stop systems require the battery to provide high power, endure shallow cycling, and exhibit long cycle life. The LFP/LTO (lithium iron phosphate/lithium titanate) battery is a potential candidate to meet such requirements because, at room temperature, both materials can be operated at high rate and have good stability (calendar and cycle life). In this work, we have investigated the feasibility of using Li x FePO 4 /Li 4+3 y Ti 5 O 12 (0  x y