Two-dimensional nanomaterials for biosensing applications

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have well exhibited superior chemical/physical properties, holding great promise for various applications including biosensing. Here we review recent advances in the use of 2D nanomaterials and their derivatives for developing biosensors, including electrochemical biosensors, field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors, photoelectrochemical biosensors, fluorescence biosensors, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) biosensors, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensors and colorimetric biosensors. We summarize various strategies for exploiting the unique properties of 2D nanomaterials for detecting biomolecules. Finally, we discuss the opportunities and challenges of 2D nanomaterials in biosensing applications.