Free energy of solvation of simple ions: Molecular-dynamics study of solvation of Cl− and Na+ in the ice/water interface

Molecular-dynamics simulations of Cl(-) and Na(+) ions are performed to calculate ionic solvation free energies in both bulk simple point-charge/extended water and ice 1 h at several different temperatures, and at the basal ice 1 h/water interface. For the interface we calculate the free energy of "transfer" of the ions across the ice/water interface. For the ions in bulk water in the NPT ensemble at 298 K and 1 atm, results are found to be in good agreement with experiments, and with other simulation results. Simulations performed in the NVT ensemble are shown to give equivalent solvation free energies, and this ensemble is used for the interfacial simulations. Solvation free energies of Cl(-) and Na(+) ions in ice at 150 K are found to be approximately 30 and approximately 20 kcal mol(-1), respectively, less favorable than for water at room temperature. Near the melting point of the model the solvation of the ions in water is the same (within statistical error) as that measured at room temperature, and in the ice is equivalent and approximately 10 kcal mol(-1) less favorable than the liquid. The free energy of transfer for each ion across ice/water interface is calculated and is in good agreement with the bulk observations for the Cl(-) ion. However, for the model of Na(+) the long-range electrostatic contribution to the free energy was more negative in the ice than the liquid, in contrast with the results observed in the bulk calculations.