A review of hydrogel systems based on poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) for use in the engineering of bone tissues

• NIPAAm as thermosetting hydrogel is studied for bone regeneration applications. • NIPAAm application is improved by combining it with other polymers and ceramics. • In hydrogels based on NIPAAm, cross-linking agents are required. • The cross-linker content had an important effect on the architecture of hydrogels. Bone fracture is usually a medical condition where occurred by high force impact or stress. Recent advances to repair damaged or diseased bone tissues employs three-dimensional (3D) polymer matrices. This review aims to investigate the potential of injectable, dual thermally, and chemically gelable N -isopropyl acrylamide-based hydrogels to deliver scaffold, cells, and growth factors in vitro and in vivo.