Nitrogen removal performance and microbiological characteristics of a three-stage series of vertical flow constructed wetlands.

In this study, the treatment performance and underlying molecular mechanisms of nitrogen transformation in a three-stage series of vertical flow constructed wetlands (T-VFCWs) treating rural domestic sewage were investigated at three different hydraulic loading rates (HLRs). Specifi-cally, the T-VFCWs composed of three sequential vertical flow constructed wetlands (termed V-1, V-2 and V-3), which were built according to the topography. The results showed that high pollutant removal rates could be achieved when the T-VFCWs was operated to treat rural domestic sewage, even though the HLR increased from 0.10 to 0.20 m3·m-2·d-1. Effluent quality of the T-VFCWs could reach Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918-2002) class A standard. Regarding to the T-VFCWs operated under the oxygen-limiting conditions, three different pathways for nitrogen transformation could be respectively formed in V-1, V-2 and V-3, owing to the specific influent quality of each subunit. Consequently, the T-VFCWs were effective in nitrogen removal as a result of the collaboration of the three subunits. When the T-VFCWs ran constantly during the test, nitrogen removal in V-1, V-2, and V-3 respectively relied on the nitritation/denitrification process, the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process, and the denitrification process. The contributions of three subunits for total nitrogen (TN) and NH4+-N removal were (51.3±4.4)% and (63.7±2.6)%, (30.9±4.8)% and (35.5±4.5)%, (17.8±5.0)% and (0.8±0.1)%, respectively. This study could provide scientific basis and technical support for the research and the engineering application of hybrid constructed wetlands.