Amides from Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. (Rutaceae) are promising natural agents with neuroprotective activities

Neurodegenerative diseases are neurological diseases that are characterized by neuronal degeneration and apoptosis; they threaten populations around the world and place a great burden on the social economy. Unfortunately, the drugs currently used to treat neurodegenerative diseases have obvious side effects, making them much less effective. Therefore, discovery of new safe and effective drugs is urgently needed. Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim. (ZBM) has a long medicinal history in China and can also be used as food. ZBM contains many types of chemical components, of which amides are the most abundant. In preparing this review, we searched and integrated the relevant literature in PubMed, Web of Science, Elesvier, Wliey and Springer using the keywords "ZBM", "amide", "physicochemical properties", and "neurodegenerative diseases". It was found that the amides that are present in ZBM (AZB), although structurally unstable, are the likely material basis for an irritating sensation in the mout,. In addition, AZB can play a therapeutic role in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's and depression by exerting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The main targets of AZB are the TRPV1, TRPA1 and PI3K/AKT signalling pathways. This review will discuss the physical and chemical properties of AZB and its use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases to provide a reference for the development of ZBM for use in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.