Understanding the erectile dysfunction–cardiovascular disease connection: clinical and pathophysiological insights

Understanding the association between ED and CVD is crucial for improving patients' quality of life and cardiovascular prognosis. Future research should focus on elucidating the mechanistic pathways underlying ED and CVD, validating causal relationships through long-term, multimodal studies, and developing standardized risk algorithms for early intervention. For clinical practice, proactive ED screening in high-risk populations and interdisciplinary collaboration between cardiologists and urologists are essential to prevent CVD progression and enhance patient quality of life.