PET Quantification of [18F]VAT in Human Brain and Its Test–Retest Reproducibility and Age Dependence

Molecular imaging of brain vesicular acetylcholine transporter provides a biomarker to explore cholinergic systems in humans. We aimed to characterize the distribution of, and optimize methods to quantify, the vesicular acetylcholine transporter–specific tracer (−)-(1-(8-(2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethoxy)-3-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-piperidin-4-yl)(4-fluorophenyl)methanone ([¹⁸F]VAT) in the brain using PET. Methods: Fifty-two healthy participants aged 21–97 y had brain PET with [¹⁸F]VAT. [³H]VAT autoradiography identified brain areas devoid of specific binding in cortical white matter. PET image–based white matter reference region size, model start time, and duration were optimized for calculations of Logan nondisplaceable binding potential (BP_ND). Ten participants had 2 scans to determine test–retest variability. Finally, we analyzed age-dependent differences in participants. Results: [¹⁸F]VAT was widely distributed in the brain, with high striatal, thalamic, amygdala, hippocampal, cerebellar vermis, and regionally specific uptake in the cerebral cortex. [³H]VAT autoradiography–specific binding and PET [¹⁸F]VAT uptake were low in white matter. [¹⁸F]VAT SUVs in the white matter reference region correlated with age, requiring stringent erosion parameters. Logan BP_ND estimates stabilized using at least 40 min of data starting 25 min after injection. Test–retest variability had excellent reproducibility and reliability in repeat BP_ND calculations for 10 participants (putamen, 6.8%; r > 0.93). We observed age-dependent decreases in the caudate and putamen (multiple comparisons corrected) and in numerous cortical regions. Finally, we provide power tables to indicate potential mean differences that can be detected between 2 groups of participants. Conclusion: These results validate a reference region for BP_ND calculations and demonstrate the viability, reproducibility, and utility of using the [¹⁸F]VAT tracer in humans to quantify cholinergic pathways.