Anti‐aging and rejuvenating effects and mechanism of Dead Sea water in skin

Abstract Objective External environmental stressors and internal factors have a significant impact on the skin, causing inflammation, aging, reduced immunity and other adverse responses. Dead Sea Water (DSW) is well known for its dermatological benefits and has been widely used in dermatological therapy and skin care for conditions such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and photoaging. However, the anti‐aging and rejuvenating effects of DSW and the related biological pathways involved, which have attracted increasing attention, are not fully understood. The aim of this study is to investigate the anti‐aging and rejuvenating effects of DSW and to explore the related potential biological mechanisms of DSW under different environmental conditions. Methods The effects of DSW were investigated using in vitro human dermal cells and reconstructed skin models. Extracellular matrix (ECM) components and the morphological changes at the dermal‐epidermal junction (DEJ) in a 3D human skin model were evaluated after DSW treatment. RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) analysis of human dermal fibroblast models after DSW treatment was performed to explore the potential mechanisms of action of DSW under normal and UV stress conditions. Results The novel findings in this work present the biological functions of DSW, including procollagen‐1 and elastin secretion, hemidesmosome increase and the epidermal basal cell regeneration. In addition, GO, KEGG and Reactome analyses reveal the activation of pathways related to ion transmembrane transporter activity, ECM component biosynthesis, senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP), DNA repair and autophagy, which are associated with the anti‐aging activities of DSW. Conclusion Our work provides new perspectives for understanding the anti‐aging and rejuvenating effects and mechanisms of DSW. The new findings also provide a theoretical basis for the further development of age‐related strategies.