A critical review of vanadium-based electrode materials for rechargeable magnesium batteries

Rechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) are one of the most promising next-generation energy storage devices due to their high safety and low cost. With a large family and versatile advantageous structures, vanadium-based compounds are highly competitive as electrode materials of RMBs. This review summarizes the structural characteristics, electrochemical performance, and refinement methods of vanadium-based materials, including vanadium oxides, vanadium sulfides, vanadates, vanadium phosphates, and vanadium spinel compounds, as RMB cathodes. Although relatively less, vanadium-based materials as RMB anodes are also introduced. According to the application requirements of RMBs, present common strategies are concluded to improve the electrochemical performance of vanadium-based materials; the probably promising development directions are also proposed, which are not limited only to the electrode materials, but also the compatible electrolytes and separator materials. In the near future, RMBs are expected from their large-scale application, standing at the forefront of the energy storage era.