Tumor Antigen Loaded Nanovaccine Induced NIR‐Activated Inflammation for Enhanced Antigen Presentation During Immunotherapy of Tumors

Abstract Although anticancer vaccines have achieved certain effects in early clinical practice, T cell immunity as the most common responsive pattern of anticancer vaccines is still limited by unsatisfied tumor recognition and inhibition efficiency. As the critical step of T cell immunity, uptake and presentation of specific antigen by antigen‐presenting cells (APC) can be activated by inflammation for enhancing the response of T cells to the antigen source. Here, a hybrid nanovaccine named PTh/MnO 2 @M activated with a near‐infrared ray (NIR) is prepared by coating an autologous tumor cell membrane on the surface of a polythiophene/MnO 2 composite core. The photoelectrical material polythiophene can produce local microinflammation under NIR radiation and activate specific T cell antitumor immunity by promoting APC maturation and autologous tumor antigens presentation. Moreover, the synthesized nanovaccine PTh/MnO 2 @M is shown to induce a significant antitumor immune response, effectively inhibit the progression of melanoma in mice, and significantly prolong the survival time of mice in vivo. This strategy aims to enhance T‐cell immune responses by promoting antigen presentation, leading to effective and specific cancer therapy.