Exploring the electrode materials for high-performance lithium-ion batteries for energy storage application

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been emerged as frontrunners in the powering electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) owing to their exceptional energy density, high output, and cost. These characteristics are crucial for advancements in the electronic equipment market, particularly in emerging fields that focus on sustainable transportation solutions. Early HEVs relied on Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries, have employed LaNi5 (lanthanum–nickel alloy) as the negative electrode. Lithium-ion batteries have been an alternative by avoiding the dependence on environmentally hazardous rare-earth elements. The electrochemical performance of LIBs, encompassing factors such as charge density, discharge rate, and cycle life, is heavily influenced by the selection of electrode materials. Lithium-ion batteries offer the significant advancements over NiMH batteries, including increased energy density, higher power output, and longer cycle life. This review discusses the intricate processes of electrode material synthesis, electrode and electrolyte preparation, and their combined impact on the functionality of LIBs.