The reflection of a planar impulsive shock wave at a liquid–gas interface

The reflection of a shock pulse at a liquid–gas interface occurs in many applications, from lithotripsy to underwater explosions and additive manufacturing. In linear theory, reflection and transmission at an interface depend only on the impedance difference, but this does not hold for a nonlinear pulse. This work develops an analytical framework for computing the reflection and transmission coefficients for an impulsive shock wave at a liquid–gas interface. The problem is treated analytically by considering idealised pulses and solving a series of consecutive Riemann problems. These correspond to the initial interaction with the interface and important subsequent wave interactions that enable a complete description of the process to be obtained. Comparisons with numerical and existing analytical approaches are made for the case of a water–air interface. In the acoustic limit, the method produces results identical to those of linear acoustic theory. As the pulse strength increases, the proposed method agrees well with numerical simulation results, whereas existing analytical methods that consider only the interface fail. We detail how a reflecting pulse can put water into tension without any incident negative pressure. It is further shown that the magnitude of the reflection coefficient decreases with increasing incident shock pressure, and the reflected pulse widens. Reflections of pulses with positive and negative pressures temporarily create negative pressure regions with greater magnitude than the incident pulse. Finally, we consider non-idealised waves. Comparisons with simulations show that the reflection characteristics can be explained qualitatively using the analytical method, and the reflection coefficients are predicted accurately.