Optimizing nasal drug delivery for peptides, proteins, and small molecules: strategic use of materials and techniques to target the CNS

Nasal delivery of therapeutics has garnered noteworthy attention for the treatment of neurological diseases due to its noninvasive nature and ability to administer large molecules like peptides and proteins to small molecules. Numerous benefits are associated with the nasal mucosa, such as the ability to facilitate quick absorption, the avoidance of first-pass metabolism, and the simplicity of administration. However, efficient transportation over the nasal mucosa remains challenging due to many physiological constraints. This review article explores techniques to enhance the transportation of peptides, proteins, and small molecules across the nasal mucosa, with a particular emphasis on the careful selection and utilization of materials and delivery mechanisms. Peptides, proteins, and small molecules can be carried more efficiently using a variety of means, including modifying drug properties, using co-delivery systems, employing physical and chemical techniques, and implementing targeted delivery strategies. The article highlights existing obstacles and constraints, possible uses, and future pathways in the domain of nasal drug delivery. A thorough analysis of the materials and delivery methods used for transporting peptides, proteins, and small molecules through the nasal mucosa is discussed.