Arsenic-induced oxidative stress in reproductive systems

In recent years, an increasing number of reports suggest that environmental contaminants may adversely affect the reproductive system. Arsenic is a metalloid naturally occurring in the environment and a toxic agent for the living organism. It is widely distributed in soil, sea, and drinking water, as well as in many foods. Therefore, it easily reaches the organism and may cause detrimental effects on various organs and systems. It is well known that arsenic-induced acute and chronic toxicities are largely dependent on its chemical form and physical state. Studies on animal models suggested that exposure to arsenic may induce reproductive toxicity; however, it remains still a speculative issue. Even tolerable doses of arsenic, as determined by the World Health Organization, may have adverse effects on the organism. Nevertheless, the mode of action of arsenic on reproductive toxicity is still not clearly established. Current review intent to highlight certain effects and corresponding molecular mechanisms induced by arsenic in male and female reproductive systems, namely in the reproductive capacity, inhibition of spermatogenesis, alteration of the estrous cycle, reduced steroidogenesis, changes of the testis, and ovary morphology. In addition, the relationship between the effects of arsenic on the reproductive system and oxidative stress was investigated in this review.