A complete review on anaerobes and nanoparticles in wastewater treatment

Freshwater quality has been deteriorating day by day as a result of contamination from a variety of wastewater sources, notably municipalities, petrochemical industries, pharmaceutical industries, food industries, and textile industries, and so on. Oil and saline of bio molecules make up the majority of industrial effluent. If not addressed properly, this will have a significant negative impact on the ecosystem, resulting in substantial ecological issues. Traditional wastewater treatment has been used by several technologies to achieve desired water quality and cost-effective treatment. Anaerobic digestion technology involving anaerobes and nanotechnology with nanoparticles are the key emerging technologies. Anaerobic digestion (AD) technique involves the biological treatment of organic waste in wastewater without the addition of oxygen, resulting in the cost-effective biogas generation as a source of energy. This approach also aids the establishment of microbial fuel cells as an alternative energy-generating treatment solution. Nanotechnology, one of the new technologies that use nanoparticles, is another vital therapy in wastewater treatment. Nanoparticles are often utilized to speed up chemical reactions while lowering costs and minimizing pollution. Nanoparticles such as iron and titanium serve as good absorbents being used in removing hazardous chemicals like cadmium and other heavy metals. These nanoparticles are also employed in the wastewater treatment process to wipe away colors from the effluent as well as a variety of other nanoparticles. The employment of anaerobic bacteria in collaboration with nanoparticles in the wastewater treatment process is the focus of our study.