Integrated nomogram to predict HER2 expression in breast tumor: Clinical, Ultrasound, and Photoacoustic imaging approaches

HER2 is a key biomarker for breast cancer treatment and prognosis. Traditional assessment methods like immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are effective but costly and time-consuming. Our model incorporates these methods alongside photoacoustic imaging to enhance diagnostic accuracy and provide more comprehensive clinical insights.