Construction of Hollow Carbon Nanofibers with Graphene Nanorods as Nano-Antennas for Lower-Frequency Microwave Absorption

Electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers at a lower-frequency region (2–8 GHz) require higher attenuation ability to achieve efficient absorption. However, the impedance match condition and attenuation ability are usually inversely related. Herein, one-dimensional hollow carbon nanofibers with graphene nanorods are prepared based on coaxial electrospinning technology. The morphology of graphene nanorods can be controlled by the annealing process. As the annealing time increased from 2 to 8 h, graphene nanospheres grew into graphene nanorods, which were catalyzed by Co catalysts derived from ZIF-67 nanoparticles. These nanorods can play the role of nano-antennas, which can guide EM waves into materials to enhance impedance match conditions. As a result, the carbon nanofibers with graphene nanorods possess a larger impedance match area with higher attenuation ability. The minimum reflection loss reaches −57.1 dB at a thickness of 4.6 mm, and the effective absorption bandwidth can cover almost both the S and C bands (2.4–8 GHz). This work contributes a meaningful perspective into the modulation of microwave absorption performance in the lower-frequency range.