Neuromodulation 3.0: brain-apparatus communication-based neuromodulation

Background Neuromodulation is a rapidly developing field, with various new technologies for the treatment of various neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, but it still suffers from a few big challenges such as the individual differences and effectiveness predictability. Therefore, it is an important issue to clarify the development routine of neuromodulation technology (NMT) to address these difficulties.